A federal advisory group is recommending that annual lung cancer screenings start earlier and encompass people with more moderate smoking histories. The changes would essentially double the number people eligible for screenings nationwide—capturing more women and Black patients in particular.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force is recommending annual low-radiation CT scans for:
- Adults aged 50-80 who have a smoked an average of a pack a day for 20 years, and who currently smoke or who have quit smoking within the last 15 years.
- Previously, annual scans were recommended for smokers with 30 “pack years” starting at age 55.
To better understand the thinking behind the recommendations and what they may mean for patients, we spoke with Douglas Arenberg, M.D., head of the lung cancer screening program at the U-M Rogel Cancer Center.
“Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., with an average five-year survival rate of around 20 percent,” Dr. Arenberg said. “And, like with most cancers, we know that we can achieve better outcomes for patients when lung cancer is detected at earlier stages.”
This year, around 230,000 Americans will be diagnosed with lung cancer and 136,000 people will die of it, according to the American Cancer Society. Smoking is the largest risk factor—with smokers being 20 times more likely to develop the disease.
The screening recommendations were last updated in 2014 and new evidence has emerged since then, Arenberg noted.
Some of the key new data comes from a large scale study called the NELSON trial, which found lung cancer deaths were reduced by nearly 25 percent among current and former smokers through the use of regular, low-dose CT screening.
Compared to other types of cancer, lung cancer screening adoption has been particularly low. A 2019 American Lung Cancer report found only 4 percent of people at high risk get screened.
One of the challenges has been that the recommendations aren’t as simple as saying that everyone should get a colonoscopy when they turn 50, Dr. Arenberg said.
“But while the guidelines remain more complex relative to screening guidelines for other types of cancer, the changes do two important things that have the potential to improve outcomes for thousands of people: significantly expand the number of eligible individuals and, supported by new evidence, reduce some health inequities by proportionally increasing the number of at-risk women and African Americans who are eligible for screening.”
Worries about additional radiation
Many people are naturally concerned the additional radiation exposure from the additional CT scans will increase their cancer risk.
“There is a risk, but it’s extremely small—a decimal point with a lot of zeros after it,” Dr. Arenberg said. “For long-term smokers, which is who we’re talking about, the theoretical risk from the tests is miniscule compared to the well-established risk of developing lung cancer.”
The primary risk from increased screening actually comes from false positives.
“Unfortunately, there’s no blood test or biomarker that’s going to tell us if a suspicious spot on the lungs is benign or cancer,” Dr. Arenberg said. “We sometimes have to do a biopsy to know for sure. And any time you are doing an invasive procedure on the lungs there is a small potential risk of complications.”
Ever-improving imaging technology, however, is making it easier for doctors to monitor and evaluate suspicious lumps in a non-invasive manner—confirming, for example, if they are growing too slowly (or even too quickly) to likely be cancer, Dr. Arenberg said.
With any type of cancer screening, the benefits must greatly outweigh the possible harms. “The data the task force reviewed in making these recommendation suggest that expanding annual lung screenings could potentially help us catch a significant number of lung cancers at earlier stages, when they’re easier to treat,” Dr. Arenberg said.
Addressing disparities
Screening for lung cancer in those with lighter smoking histories and at an earlier age may also help improve racial disparities in screening eligibility, the task force notes. And because women also tend to smoke fewer cigarettes than men, women would make up a greater percentage of those the expanded guidelines would apply to.
Additionally, African Americans, especially those with more moderate smoking histories, are at higher risk than their white peers of developing lung cancer, the task force points out, though the reasons for the difference aren’t entirely clear.
“So, the hope is that by lowering the age threshold and adding people with fewer pack years, there is also an opportunity to improve some of the racial disparities that are seen in lung cancer,” Dr. Arenberg said.
Doctors talk about smoking history in terms of “pack years”—that is, smoking, on average, pack of cigarettes a day for a year. It can also apply to those who smoke more over a shorter period of time (for example, two packs a day for half a year), or who smoke less for longer (half a pack a day for two years).
From Michigan Health
